Vaccines and Autism

1. (a) Our group is looking at whether or not vaccines cause autism. (b) The members are Brittany Simer, Kaity Gulasy, James Phan, Alex Goza, and Alisha Stepp.

2.
(a) Brittany Simer. (b) “Vaccines Do Not Cause Autism”. (c) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (d) https://www.cdc.gov/vaccinesafety/concerns/autism.html

(a) Brittany Simer. (b) “Trump energizes the anti-vaccine movement in Texas”. (c) The Washington Post. (d) https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/trump-energizes-the-anti-vaccine-movement-in-texas/2017/02/20/795bd3ae-ef08-11e6-b4ff-ac2cf509efe5_story.html?utm_term=.942a41a06081

(a) Brittany Simer. (b) “Meeting with Trump emboldens anti-vaccine activists, who see an ally in the Oval Office”. (c) Fox News. (d) http://www.foxnews.com/health/2016/11/30/meeting-with-trump-emboldens-anti-vaccine-activists-who-see-ally-in-oval-office.html

(a) Brittany Simer. (b) “Jenny McCarthy: “We’re Not An Anti-Vaccine Movement … We’re Pro-Safe Vaccine””. (c) PBS Frontline. (d) http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/jenny-mccarthy-were-not-an-anti-vaccine-movement-were-pro-safe-vaccine/

(a) Kaity Gulasy, (b) Nothing, Not Even Hard Facts, Can Make Anti-Vaxxers Change their Minds (c) TIME (d) http://healthland.time.com/2014/03/04/nothing-not-even-hard-facts-can-make-anti-vaxxers-change-their-minds/?iid=sr-link1

(a) Kaity Gulasy, (b) Retracted autism study an ‘elaborate fraud,’ British journal finds (c) CNN (d) http://www.cnn.com/2011/HEALTH/01/05/autism.vaccines/index.html

(a) Kaity Gulasy, (b) Jenny McCarthy: “We;re Not an Anti-Vaccine Movement… We’re Pro-Safe Vaccine” (c) PBS (d) http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/jenny-mccarthy-were-not-an-anti-vaccine-movement-were-pro-safe-vaccine/

(a) Kaity Gulasy, (b) Trump energizes the anti-vaccine movement in Texas (c) The Washington Post (d) https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/trump-energizes-the-anti-vaccine-movement-in-texas/2017/02/20/795bd3ae-ef08-11e6-b4ff-ac2cf509efe5_story.html?utm_term=.27916e803186

1. (a) James Pham, (b) “Cleveland Clinic Doctor
Fuels Vaccine Debate — Again” (c) NBC News
(d)https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-care/cleveland-clinic-doctor-fuels-vaccine-debate-again-n704821Fdjskf

2. (a) James Pham, (b) “Verify:
Can the measles vaccine cause autism?” (c)
9News
(d)http://www.9news.com/news/local/verify/verify-can-the-measles-vaccine-cause-autism/438090725

3. (a) James Pham, (b) “Vaccines
and Autism: A Tale of Shifting Hypotheses” (c) Oxford Academic (d)https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/48/4/456/284219/Vaccines-and-Autism-A-Tale-of-Shifting-Hypotheses

4. (a) James Pham,
“Vaccine adverse events: causal or coincidental?” (c) The Lancet (d) http://www.medicine.mcgill.ca/epidemiology/hanley/c609/material/MMRLancetEditorial1998.pdf

1.(a) Alex Goza (b)"Another study finds no link between MMR vaccine and autism" (c) NY Daily News (d) http://www.nydailynews.com/life-style/health/study-finds-no-link-mmr-vaccine-autism-article-1.2193285

2.(a) Alex Goza (b)"No link between MMR and autism, major study concludes" (c) The Guardian (d) https://www.theguardian.com/society/2015/apr/21/no-link-between-mmr-and-autism-major-study-concludes

3.(a) Alex Goza (b)"Doctors link autism to MMR vaccination" (c) Independent (d) http://www.independent.co.uk/news/doctors-link-autism-to-mmr-vaccination-1147081.html

4.(a) Alex Goza (b)"Scientists fear MMR link to autism" (c) Daily Mail (d) http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-388051/Scientists-fear-MMR-link-autism.html

1. (a) Alisha stepp (b)” a population based study of measles, mumps, and rubella Vaccination and autism”(c) new England journal of medicine (d) http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/nejmoa021134#t=article
2. (a) Alisha Stepp (b)” Communicating science to the public: MMR vaccine and autism” (c ) ScienceDirect (d) http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264410X03005322

3. N (a) Alisha Stepp (b)”MMR vaccine and autism update of the scientific evidence”(c ) Taylor Francis online (d) http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1586/14760584.3.1.19

4. (a) Alisha Stepp (b) vaccines and autism: a tale of shifting hypotheses (c ) oxford academy (d) http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1586/14760584.3.1.19

3. The most common evidence used for the pro-vaccination argument is scientific studies. All of the articles reference one of many research studies that prove no link between autism and vaccines. For anti-vaccination, most articles base evidence off of the 1998 Wakefield study that suggested a link to autism. Anti-vaxxers also cite personal beliefs and fears of vaccines being unsafe for their children, preferring for them to contract the diseases naturally.

4. The anti-vaccine article featuring the story of Jenny McCarthy uses Social Proof and descriptive norms to influence people who like the actress, and use her popularity to make anti-vaccination popular. The anti-vaccine articles also used the authority of Andrew Wakefield and his study to justify their claims. Most pro-vaccine articles use the authority of doctors and scientists to influence people's judgement of the information as reliable. One of the articles had a doctor that claimed that any doctor that went through medical school and believed the anti-vaccination movement should lose their doctor's license like Wakefield, and any cited doctors reference studies that prove autism and vaccines have no links.

5. Anti-vaccination supporters believe they should have the choice to vaccinate their children because required vaccinations have the possibility of causing autism or other illnesses. Pro-vaccination supporters believe vaccinations do not cause autism and actually prevent diseases, as well as keep other children safe by not passing diseases around, therefore they think vaccines should not be a choice in order to cause herd immunity and prevent wide spread outbreaks.

6. Our neutral frame would just be informative, including both Wakefield's study as well as more recent research. To be objective, we would not influence any decision-making or say that it is or is not a choice to vaccinate children.